Influence Of Communist Manifesto Written By Karl Marx And...

The essay analyses the depth of Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The book demonstrates an ideology which was completely different from the socio and political concepts prevailed at that time. This text provides an implicit picture of the social and cultural changes in 1950s Europe. According to Hunt et al (2012), Communist Manifesto was one the most influential text that changed the ideology of people and manipulated the political changes to form a social and communist state in some super powerful states in the world. In the 1950s was marked by the nation-state disruption in Europe. The better-informed Europeans started to protest the policies of the states as well as transforming nature of the economy. The†¦show more content†¦He describes the economic growth of a class through manufacturing, expansion of markets and oppression on the economically weaker class gradually divided the society into two halves- ‘have and have not’. The bourgeois capitalists increased their own capital and the small business owners and artisans failed to compete with them. Thus, their situation became more deteriorated and this created a revolutionary element in the minds of the weaker section for destroying the supremacy of their bourgeois autocrats. The people were so dissatisfied that the society was going towards anarchy. â€Å"As the nation-state expanded its power, workers were also drawn to anarchism, which maintained that the existence of the state was the root of social injustice† (Hunt et al 2012). The concept of ‘Proletariats and Communists’ describes that the interests of the communists are not different from that of the proletarians. Their primary objective was the abolition of private property thus equal power and end of exploitation. â€Å"Capitalism would be overthrown by these workers — the proletariat — who would then form a socialist society† (Hunt et al 2012). The last chapters of the book record the position of the communism in the opposing situation marked by social and economic transformation. Marx demanded that the communist thinkers want a social change through a revolution so that the balance and equality can be established. They will be a protest as well as revolutionary movement whenever thereShow MoreRelatedThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead More The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society998 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Its Influence on Society The German political philosopher and revolutionary, Karl Marx is best known for his radical concepts of society. His socialist views are best seen in his work Communist Manifesto. As one of the most influential thinkers of all times, he was able to convey revolutionary ideas in a manner that all could understand. Due to its comprehendible nature and usefulness to the people of his time this document was widely popularRead MoreTyranny And The Social Wellbeing Of Citizens1750 Words   |  7 Pagesage after the French Revolution, the vast majority of political and philosophical thinkers concerned themselves at some point with the issue of tyranny in society. Such writers spanned from Alexis de Tocqueville, to John Stuart Mill, to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The interpretations and approaches taken to the subject of tyranny and how to protect against it, though, were as varied as the collection of authors who addressed it. From de Tocqueville’s stringent observ ations in Democracy in AmericaRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of BerlinRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1384 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundations to communism and influence leaders like Lenin and Tse-Tung. Capital and The Communist Manifesto were both written by Karl Marx and have forever changed the course of history. On May 5, 1818, Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (modern day Trier, Germany) to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. Throughout Karl’s schooling years, he was considered to be an ordinary student; he was not an outstanding student and did not take school seriously. In 1835, Marx began his college career atRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto, And Karl Marx And Rerum Novarum901 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto is written by the philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it was published on February 21, 1848. The Rerum Novarum was published on May 16, 1891 by Pope Leo XIII. They are two documents that talk about an issue in two very different ways. These two works have similar general ideas, like the weakening of the old order, class conflicts, and thinking about violent outbursts among the people. The Communist Manifesto was published in Germany as the guiding principles ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Common Sense By Thomas Paine1474 Words   |  6 PagesThese books would lay the foundation to communism and influence leaders like Lenin and Tse-Tung. Karl Marx’ works, Capital and The Communist Manifesto, have forever changed the course of history. On May 5, 1818, Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (modern day Trier, Germany) to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. Throughout Karl’s schooling years, he was considered to be an ordinary student and did not take school seriously. In 1835, Marx began his college career at the University of Bonn, aRead MoreEssay about The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Communist Manifesto was written by two world renowned philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. This book was produced in an era of great suffering and anguish of all workers in a socially distressed system. In a time when revolutions were spreading through Europe like wildfire, Marx organized his thoughts and views to produce the critical pamphlet â€Å"The Communist Manifesto†. Marx’s scrutiny illustrates his belief that unlessRead More Karl Marx Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesKARL MARX: A CRITICAL PROFILE 1. Contribution Like Charles Darwin (1809-82), his contemporary, Karl Marx (1818-83) has had a profound impact on modern thought. This German philosopher, social scientist, and professional revolutionary formulated a theory of social change that influenced most modern forms of socialism and communism. Marx pioneered conflict theory. Motivated by a belief in human emancipation, he tried to discover a way to free people from the social, political, and economic constraintsRead MoreThe Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The Manifesto of the Communist party is a book written in 1847, by a group of radical workers part the â€Å"Communist League.† Including the radical workers, the group comprised of Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. They met in London to write a manifesto on their behalf, which would be famously known as the Communist Manifesto. Marx was the principle author, while Engels was mainly focused on editing and assisting. The Communist Manifesto was originally published in London in 1848. The

The Subjects of Shakespeares Sonnets - 579 Words

Though William Shakespeare’s sonnets were not in a sequence as per the style of his contemporaries and those before him, such as SIr Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser, they still parallel each twist and turn of his love life, as he wrote them as they occurred. The first subject of his sonnets--among which are some of his most famous--are the â€Å"Fair Youth† (believed to be a young nobleman) of apparent beauty, and the second, the â€Å"Dark Lady†, a woman of perhaps equal or greater beauty to him. Interestingly, they were both much younger than him, as he makes a point to mention on several occasions, which is probably why he reiterates that his love for them will live on, and thus the themes of time and death taking away what one holds dear appear repeatedly. He habitually returns to the sadness he feels when he is without his love, and usually follows up with either the sentiment that he doesn’t care so long as he is able to love them, or that his poems are his exclamations of affection and his reprieve. As for the latter, a prime example is his ninety-eighth sonnet. As it is before the introduction of the Dark Lady, this sonnet is about the Fair Youth. In the first line, we learn that the topic of the poem is separation from one’s love or lover: â€Å"From you have I been absent in the spring†. He then tries to blame personifications of nature for his state, as he often does. Saturn (in Roman myth, the Titan of time) â€Å"laughed and leapt† (4) with April, or spring, as they turnedShow MoreRelatedShakespeare s Sonnets Of William Shakespeare1006 Words   |  5 Pageswell-renowned. 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Although Edmund Spenser’s â€Å"Sonnet 75† and William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† relate in the sense that love is genuine and everlasting, Spenser suggests love more optimistically, whereasRead More Immortality Through Verse in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 751681 Words   |  7 PagesImmortality Through Verse in Shakespeareà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Desiring fame, celebrity, and importance, people for centuries have yearned for the ultimately unattainable goal of immortality. Poets, too, have expressed desires in verse that their lovers remain as they are for eternity, in efforts of praise. Though Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75 from Amoretti both offer lovers this immortality through verse, only Spenser pairs this immortality with respectRead MoreComparing the Sonnets of Petrarchan and Shakespearean in Style, Structure and Subject Approach1180 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare and Petrarch, two poets popular for their contributions on the issue of love, both tackle the subject of their work through sonnet, yet there are key contrasts in their style, structure, and in the way, each approaches their subjects. Moreover, it is clear that in Sonnet 130, Shakespeare in fact parodies Petrarchs style and thoughts as his storyteller describes his mistress, whose eyes are in no way as the sun (S hakespeare 1918). Shakespeare seems, by all accounts, to mock the exaggeratedRead MoreComparison: Petrarchan and Shakespearean Sonnets1188 Words   |  5 PagesThrough the form of sonnet, Shakespeare and Petrarch both address the subject of love, yet there are key contrasts in their style, structure, and in the manner, each approaches their subjects. Moreover, in Sonnet 130, Shakespeare, in fact, parodies Petrarchs style and thoughts as his storyteller describes his mistress, whose eyes are in no way as the sun (Shakespeare 1918). Through his English poem, Shakespeare seems to mock the exaggerated descriptions expanded throughout Petrarch’s work byRead MoreShakespeare s Differing Opinions Of Preservation1058 Words   |  5 Pages Sonnet 17 and Sonnet 55: Shakespeare’s Differing Opinion of Preservation Two constant themes throughout this collection of sonnets is death and preservation. Shakespeare battles with the idea of how to preserve not only the beauty of his subject, but also his work without losing value and merit. Sonnet 17 and Sonnet 55 share the common idea that preservation is necessary and important, but each take different approaches to this preservation. From Sonnet 17 to Sonnet 55, Shakespeare grows confidentRead MoreA Very Brief Biography of William Shakespeare1609 Words   |  6 Pageswhole life writing some of the finest and well known plays and poems that are still highly valued in the present literary world. Shakespeare’s conventional themes for most of his plays and poems are about universal matters such as love, jealousy, and beauty which were common focus during the Renaissance era. During this period, Shakespeare’s poems, Sonnet 29 and Sonnet 130, demonstrates his views and morals regarding love to convey the theme of triumph of true love ove r beauty and wealth. WilliamRead MoreShakespeares Exploration in Sonnet 2 of the Themes of Age and Beauty1459 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares Exploration in Sonnet 2 of the Themes of Age and Beauty  · Look closely at effects of language, imagery and handling of the sonnet form. * Comment on ways in which the poem’s methods and concerns are characteristic of other Shakespeare sonnets you have studied. The second of Shakespeare’s sonnets conveys an argument the poet is making somewhat implicitly to a subject whose identity is hazy and unknown to the reader, even in retrospect. The simplifiedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnets : The Greatest Of All Love Poems1465 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s sonnets are considered the greatest of all love poems. The collection contains 154 poems portraying themes of love such as beauty, lust, and estrangement. First published in 1609, these works have remained a popular subject in the world of literature for centuries to come. â€Å"Shakespeare has completely dominated the English-speaking state over the last four hundred years.† When thinking of Shakespeare, his famous plays such Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet are usually the first toRead MoreHow Shakespeare And Rossetti Engage With The Sonnet1241 Words   |  5 Pagesengage with the sonnet form, through Rossetti’s â€Å"A Sonnet† and Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 52†. Both poets arguably subvert the traditional Petrarchan sonnet genre, though in different ways. Rossettiâ⠂¬â„¢s ‘A Sonnet’ explores the sonnet as an art form rather than as a means of currency, as sonnets were seen to be at the time, and how if treated as a commodity, the value of a sonnet is diminished. Similarly, Shakespeare’s ‘Sonnet 52’ explores the connection between frequency and worth. However, ‘Sonnet 52’ adheres

Hayleys Consumer HR policy Free Essays

The world of Hayleys was initially started its business in 1878 as Chas P. Hayleys and company in Sri Lanka, was incorporated as Hayleys Ltd in the year 1952. Today it is known as the world of Hayelys with a globally competitive business portfolio spanning over 12 different sectors of enterprise. We will write a custom essay sample on Hayleys Consumer HR policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main business portfolio of world of Hayleys fall under seven broad categories such as: Global market and manufacturing Agriculture and plantation Logistics and transportation Leisure and aviation Consumer products Power and energy Out of the sectors under consumer products comes the Hayleys Consumer Products Limited and the Consumer lighting, Consumer products contributes about 7% of the group’s total turnover. Hayleys Consumer Products limited hosts home for many of the world renown brands in Sri Lanka such as Downy, Gillette, Olay, Whispers, Tide, Pantene, Kiwi, Pringles, Fujifilm, GP Batteries, 3M, Head and Shoulders, Philips and etc. These brands are basically operated under few divisions such as Consumer Lighting, Consumer Imaging and Information, Consumer Healthcare, P;G products, New Business development. There is a supermarket channel owned by the Hayleys consumer named Haymart and there are outlets owned by Hayleys for perspective brands such as Hayleys Caf © Pixel for consumer imaging and information and Lighting craft for consumer lighting. Hayleys consumer products have reached a range of 70, 000 outlets throughout the country and expanding their business day by day as the corporate leader of the Sri Lankan market. During the last two years the group has delivered an increase in turnover of Rs. . 1 bn from the previous financial year. The group over the years has experienced a steady growth in terms of ncreased operations and simultaneously increased and favorable numerals. The share prices of the Hayleys group have also increased despite facing tough competition and rapidly changing market conditions. Investments made by the group has also rapidly increased within the past few years, this has especially been true for the leisure sector. 2. Examination on the five HR roles at Hayleys Consumer World of Hayleys has a proper Human resource management system under it, the world of Hayleys has a group HR department to control the HR activities of the companies under the group and each daughter company of the group has a separate HR department to control the HR activities going on inside the company. So does the Hayleys Consumer Products Limited, it has a separate HR department headed by a HR manager and HR executives under the manager. Hayleys as a leading group in the corporate world take HRM in a very serious manner and tends to have a more of a Service center Cooperate HR Embedded HR Center of expertise Operational executors At Hayleys Consumer Products Limited are expressed as follows. 2. 1 Service Center The HR department at Hayleys Consumer Products Limited has about 1 50 administrative and executive staff working within the company and in the outlets and number of employees working outside the company. There are permanent staff and also contract staff working under Hayleys consumer. Service center is providing all these people with a maximum service for their betterment. All the HR functions are computerized at Hayleys consumer and the news and information is passed through email to the administrative and senior executive staff, including their pay role and other relevant information every month, those information for the other Junior staff with no company email address is given manually. The HR system is outsourced at Hayleys Consumer and all the details of every employee working under Hayleys consumer is inserted into the system where all the necessary details could be taken in a few seconds at the finger tips. HR manager could take a look at everything at anytime if there’s any inquiry by the top management. Any employee at anytime can use the technology to contact the service center through email or otherwise via calling the HR manager or any HR executive at anytime to solve their problems and issues regarding HR perspective. Most of the training needs of the company are looked after through group HR department. When the service center identifies any such need they inform the group HR department and arrange the necessary training programs, so the group HR decides whether the training should be given by an outsource company or it could be given within the organization. That is the main time where outsourcing comes in for the service center, and the evaluation is done through the company HR department. The provident fund at Hayleys consumer is the same as the group it is a private provident fund not like many of the other private companies in the country and the employees have quick access to their fund through he HR service center. . 2 Corporate HR Corporate HR usually lies on building a connection between the company’s strategic goals and the flow of Human resource objectives. Since the Hayleys Consumer is fully operated via the World of Hayleys group the strategic goals are made by the top management and the CEO and the Managing Director is instructed to work accordingly. Because of that the HR activities of Hayleys consumer is always monitored by the group HR department and the needed instructions are given in order keep in track with the Corporate Strategic goals. The recruitments are done Hayleys to achieve their objectives and that is mainly done through the consumer HR department with the guidance of the group HR department. And the direct communication channel with the consumer HR department along with the group HR department give the information flow a quick access and the relevant actions could be taken much quicker. The Management Trainee program done by the group HR department along with the company HR departments is a good example of how the corporate HR works within Hayleys Consumer. Even when hiring interns for the consumer the group HR gives a better help in selecting the best to succeed towards he strategic goals of the corporate. When a division in the company ask for a new recruitment the HR division goes through their information bases and do the surveys to select the best fit for the position to make the path easier to achieve strategic goals. The recruitments training and development is done and the objectives of HR are set in a way which the group strategic goals can be achieved. But also there some points where the corporate HR comes in the way, where there was an incident happened lately where there was a new recruitment was done at a shop and the hop manager requested the HR department to give an increment to the current employee since the new employee was also bought in with the similar package, even though the company HR manager agreed on it the CEO didn’t since the policy of the corporate is not that. So there are both pros and cons in the Corporate HR at Hayleys Consumer. 2. Embedded HR Embedded HR is basically the HR department building up a direct link with the departments in the organization and discussing with the managers what needed to be done in order to achieve the organizational goals. At Hayleys consumer the mbedded role in HR is not identified as vital and important and not given much of an attention by the HR department of the company. The HR manager has direct links with the managers and the staff of the organization and opens up to discuss any issue or matter regarding their work but the discussions needed to be done to acknowledge the managers are not done properly. Sometimes the HR manager doesn’t know the vital situations in the company where there are threats for some employees Jobs where there are threats that some divisions could be closed down in the near future and the HR manager should have a clear understanding about such ituations to provide those employees with Job opportunities at least in some other company in the group but apparently the HR manager in the consumer products is not well aware of such facts, but the manager should be aware and should be able to provide necessary guidance for the employees in such situations. . 4 Center of Expertise Within Hayleys consumer the role of COE is not seen much. The training for the employee is usually given on the Job and there are some instances where employees are sent for training outside the organization such as outbound training done every ear for the employees and some training throughout the year for employees. Interns working for consumer are given much of a care by the managers and other the training given for the management trainees is anyways monitored by the group HR since they are part of group HR plan. The analysis on the Job satisfaction and the job evaluations are not done with a great effort but always the employees are given the priority in the organization. 2. 5 Operational Executor This role is basically to check whether the other five roles are going in order to achieve the goals both HR and strategic for the organization. This role is done by the group HR for the consumer products limited and given much of a notice where the HR roles are carried through well within the organization. Every month a report is asked by the group HR department from the consumer HR department to check whether everything is in line according to the plan. The group HR in that regard plays a major role in monitoring the company’s carrying out on HR roles. 3. Conclusion Hayleys Consumer Products Limited has a more of a soft approach towards the human resource management where the freedom is given to the employees to carry n the work on their will to achieve strategic goals and company mission but there are some loop holes in the HRM in the Hayleys consumer products also like every other business organization the world and the loop holes can be overtaken if the HR department pays a little bit more attention towards them and make the work easier for the employees and make a safe and sound environment to work for all the employees in the organization. How to cite Hayleys Consumer HR policy, Papers

Ethical Theories Making Process & Decision †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Moral Decision Moral Theories Making Process? Answer: Introduction The case discusses about Dr. Susan Lim who was once a very reputed surgeon in the Singapore. She was well known for her first liver transplant performed in Singapore. She has a practicing medical license from the General Medical Council, London (Dr Susan Lim, 2016). She is responsible in handling many medical cases due to her diligence and professional experience. She was appointed to treat the sister of queen of Brunei, Pengiran Anak Hajah Damit. She was responsible for her medical care from the period of 2001 to 2007. An investigation was launched on the request of Brunei government and it was found out that she charged an astonishing amount of 12million, which was much higher than any amount charged for the same treatment in any normal circumstances (Asia one Health, 2016). Her unethical actions immediately came into the limelight and a legal suit was filed against her. In order to put on hold to the legal proceedings against her she wrote a letter to the foreign minister, George Yeo stating that in order to defend her case and protect her interest she has to reveal some sensitive information about the Royal Family. Later she found to be guilty and suspended by the SMC for three years along with the fine of $10,000. She did not only violated her professional code of conduct and compromised on her ethics and morals for commercial interest but also break the trust and faith that exist between a patient and their family. Stakeholders in this case The unprofessional behavior of Dr. Susan Lim has not only affected her personal and professional life but also other parties also who have a direct interest in her practice. The legal suit has affected Dr. Susan Lim, Singapore Medical Council and Brunei Government. Dr. Susan Lim: Dr. Susan Lim has been proven guilty for violating professional code of conduct. She overcharged her client based on her reputation. When asked about her unethical practice, she defend her case by releasing public statement saying that she has charged a reasonable fees for her treatment and in order to provide her client best medical care she even took additional training and consulted many foreign doctors on the same (Daily Mail, 2016). Singapore Medical Council: SMC is the governing body of all the medical professional practicing in Singapore. Their duty is to supervise and check whether the doctors are working in the best interest of their patient or not. The unethical behavior of overcharging the professional fees was deeply criticized by the SMC. This behavior of Dr. Susan Lim directly questions the ethics of other doctors practicing in Singapore. SMC imposed a fine of $10,000 accompanied by a three year suspension to Dr. Lim (SingaporeLaw.sg, 2015). The Royal Family of Brunei: The Royal Family even though are financially very strong but still they are exploited financially on the basis of their social class and reputation. The queens sister was charged approx. $24.8 million for a period of 110 days. During the critical stage of the patient the fees was increased to $250,000 to $450,000 per day. The relationship of a doctor with his patient and the family is of utmost good faith. Dr. Lim broke this faith and warned the royal family of disclosing their secret information during the proceedings (Glanfield, 2016). The Brunei government: The professional misconduct of Dr. Lim first came in the eyes of Brunei Government and they later reported to SMC. The Brunei Government raises the issue and asked Dr. Lim to charge a reasonable fees for her treatment. Due to the ongoing case the relation between Singapore and Brunei also got affected (Khalik, 2013). Ethical Dilemma Ethical dilemma referred to the situation of moral conflict or dispute where an individual have to make choices out of different alternatives or a course of action. Each course of action involves some Management on the part of ones ethics and morals. The individual have to make the right judgment regarding choosing the best alternative which minimizes the ethical and moral implications (Garber, 2008). In Dr. Susan Lim case she has been faced with the ethical dilemma of overcharging the queens. The situation of dilemma was whether to follow the professional code of conduct and charge her patient reasonably or forego her personal interest of earning livelihood. Each of the alternatives requires her to compromise on the professional ethics or her personal interest. Another dilemma faced by her was when she was fighting the legal suit and in order to defend her views she has to reveal some confidential information about the royal family of Brunei. About the Moral Theories Moral theories provide a strong basis for analyzing an individuals action and give a fair judgment about whether the actions performed by them is morally right or wrong. Morals and ethics are complementary to each other. The moral theories described here are written in old context which means they may not take into consideration factors affecting the choice of alternatives in present scenario. Also, each theory have different opinion regarding whether the outcome is morally right or wrong. They contradict each others view (Broad, 2013). The ethical dilemma faced by Dr. Susan Lim in above provided situation can be solved by applying moral theories and ethical decision making model. Each theory has its own set of limitations and have application in different scenarios. The moral theories are Hard Universalism, soft universalism, deontology and teleology. Among these four theories two theories will criticize and defend the case of Dr. Susan Lim. Teleology theory The teleology theory or the consequentialist theory of ethics states that the ethical and moral implication of an individuals action is analyzed by its final outcome. This theory believes that the course of action is justified when the end result is positive (Jhonson, 2008). In the context of the case, the actions of Dr. Lim is justified by the application of this theory. Dr. Lim though charged excessive fees but her aim was to provide her client with the best of the medical services. Also she gave justification saying that the fees was appropriate because it includes her training cost and consultation of other medical experts. Though she violated professional ethics and code of conduct, still her course of action will be justified both ethically and morally on the basis of this theory. Limitation to this theory The validity of this theory is limited to the positive final outcome. It does not implies that the course of action will guarantee a favorable result. In case of Dr. Lim also, though she was providing her best treatment to the queens sister but her overcharging of fees does not guarantee that the queens sister will benefit from the treatment and recover soon. This theory directly questions the ethical impact of the course of action chosen to achieve the end result. In this case, Dr. Susans action cannot be an excuse for the treatment of the queen sister. She was seen compromising her professional ethics. Soft Universalism The theory used to defend the case of Dr. Susan Lim is soft universalism which states that there are certain norms and principles which are applicable universally and they form a strong basis for leading a god life. They are applicable to everyone irrespective of the class, status, sex, and ethnicity (Schaumburg-Muller, 2008). In this case there was nowhere mentioned that Dr. Lim should charge this much but in the medical profession the life of the patient comes first than the doctors personal commercial interest. Also she violated the principle of good faith as she threatened to disclose the information of the royal family. Limitation to this theory: This theory talks about norms and principle which may or may not fit well in present scenario. In todays professional world there are certain situation in which an individual requires to take certain decisions which may or may not comply with the norms. Dr. Susan must have required to take decisions which were not in the line with the principles for the best interest of the patient. Ethical Decision making process Ethical decision in both professional and personal life is very important. The decisions should be ethically and morally right and the final outcome should justify individuals ethics and moral standards of the society (Byme, 2010). A counselling process will help Dr. Susan to resolve her ethical dilemma with the help of the eight step decision making process (Linder, 2013). Step 1: The first step includes defining the problem or ethical dilemma faced by the client, It is the professional duty of the counsellor to analyze the clients situation and the reasons why decision making is important and what will be the final outcome of this decision making process. The counsellor should give client some space and comfort, so that she can openly communicate her problem as the effectiveness of the solution depends on how well the problem is being addressed. In case of Dr. Susan, the problem should be identified and solved on an immediate basis as she has already lost her medical license to practice and in order to prevent any further damage to her reputation (Lo, 2012). Step 2: The second step involves gathering the relevant facts related to the problem of Dr. Susan Lim. She should review the fees charged by other medical practitioners for the breast cancer treatment. The guidelines of governing laws and regulation which in this case in SMC should be read thoroughly. The actual facts of the Dr. Susans case should also be collected unbiasedly and the impact of unethical actions of the stakeholders should also be analyzed. Step 3: The third step is to identify various alternatives or course of action keeping in mind the best interest of the SMC, Brunei Royal Family and the Brunei government. One alternative can be to restructure the treatment fees on the reasonable grounds. The other alternative can be to publicly accepting her mistake and apologize to the royal family of Brunei. The last alternative can be providing evidence which can justify her overcharged fees. Step 4: Once all the possible alternatives are identified, it should be critically evaluate all the possible alternatives and their impact on all the stakeholders. The advantages and shortcoming of each alternative should be analyzed. The counsellor should evaluate alternatives keeping in mind the situation of Dr. Susan Lim. Step 5: This step involves selecting the best alternatives out of the mentioned above based on the analysis done by the counselor. In Dr. Lims case the best alternative is to sincerely apologies to all the stakeholders in the public, especially the Royal Family of Brunei whose reputation has been at stake. She should also issue public statement stating that the fees will be charged on the reasonable grounds irrespective of the social class of an individuals. Step 6: This step requires the implementation of the chosen alternatives and take necessary actions to resolve the problem on the basis of the chosen alternatives (Ford Richardson). Step 7: This step is monitoring the results after the course of action suggested by the counsellor has been followed. Royal Brunei Family is not asking for any compensation nor they need but a public apology might appeal them to take back the legal suit. Also publicly apologizing may rebuild the lost trust and faith of the general public in her medical practice. Step 8: The last step is to validate whether the provided solution was in according to the problem or not. Also whether the chosen alternative have helped Dr. Susan in resolving her ethical dilemma or not. Conclusion The case highlights the unethical practices and unprofessional behavior of Dr. Susan Lim. She was facing the moral and ethical dilemma of charging a high fees for her treatment and breaking the principle of Utmost good faith that exists between the patient and their families. In order to resolve her dilemma, as a counsellor I have worked on with her on the eight step ethical dilemma model and find a relevant solution to her problem which will keep in mind the best interest of everyone. Also her actions were also defend and criticized on the basis the teleology theory and Soft universalism. References Asia One Health. 2016. Surgeon billed Brunei patient $40m over 4 years. Retrieved December 10, 2016 https://health.asiaone.com/health/health-news/surgeon-billed-brunei-patient-40m-over-4-years. Broad, C.D. (2013). Five Types of Ethical Theory. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=o2K4AwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=teleological+theoryots=BOKj84lT1lsig=MiZf1REWsmTAUBcRXbzGMMre-jI#v=onepageq=teleological%20theoryf=false on 7 May 2017. Byrne, A. (2010). Resolving ethical dilemmas.Keeping Good Companies,62(8), 502. Daily Mail. (2016). Top surgeon who performed the world's first liver transplant faces being struck off for 'charging the Queen of Brunei's sister 12million for breast cancer treatment. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3421059/Top-doctor-performed-world-s-liver-transplant-faces-struck-charging-Queen-Brunei-s-sister-12million-breast-cancer-treatment.html on 7 May 2017. Dr Susan Lim. (2016). About Dr Susan Lim. Retrieved from https://www.drsusanlim.com/about on 7 May 2017. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Garber, P.R. (2008). The Ethical Dilemma. Human Resource Development. Glanfield, E. (2016). Top surgeon who performed the world's first liver transplant faces being struck off for 'charging the Queen of Brunei's sister 12million for breast cancer treatment. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3421059/Top-doctor-performed-world-s-liver-transplant-faces-struck-charging-Queen-Brunei-s-sister-12million-breast-cancer-treatment.html on 7 May 2017. Lo, B. (2012).Resolving ethical dilemmas: a guide for clinicians. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Harding, J. (2011). Dr Susan Lims threatening letter to Foreign Minister George Yeo. Retrieved from https://johnharding.com/2011/03/dr-susan-lims-threatening-letter-to-foreign-minister-george-yeo/ on 7 May 2017. Johnson, R. (2008). Kant's moral philosophy.Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Khalik, S. (2013). Susan Lim case: SMC's lawyer says Brunei govt found fees exorbitant, unjustified. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/susan-lim-case-smcs-lawyer-says-brunei-govt-found-fees-exorbitant-unjustified on 7 May 2017. Linder, K. (2013). Crunch Time!: 8 Steps for Making the Right Life Decisions at the Right Times. Austin: Greenleaf Book Group. Schaumburg-Muller, S. (2008). In defense of soft universalism: a modest, yet presumptuous position.Cuadernos constitucionales de la Ctedra Fadrique Furi Ceriol, (62), 112-126. SingaporeLaw.sg. (2015). Singapore Medical Council v Lim Mey Lee Susan [2015]SGHC129. Retrieved from https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/case-law/free-law/high-court-judgments/18038-singapore-medical-council-v-lim-mey-lee-susan-2015-sghc-129 on 7 May 2017.

Mahmoud Darwish Narratives of Exile and Diaspora in the Poetry

Mahmoud Darwish was a Palestinian who lived between 1942 and 2008. His birth place was al- Birwa, a village in Galilee, which was occupied and eventually razed by the army from Israel. Considering that Darwish and the family had not participated in the authorized Israeli tally, they were regarded as internal refugees. For several years, Darwish resided in Paris and Beirut as an expatriate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mahmoud Darwish: Narratives of Exile and Diaspora in the Poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Darwish wrote numerous poetry and prose books. As a result, he was an award winner to the Lenin Peace Prize, Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize (Lannan Foundation), Belles Lettres Medal (France), and Knight of Arts. This paper aims at discussing the narratives of exile and diaspora in Darwish’s poetry. There are a wide array of attitudes linked to the exile and diaspora in Darwish’s poetry. T he Palestinian literature is punctuated through the themes of diaspora and exile. In the poem â€Å"Earth Scrapes Us†, Darwish depicts the level of nostalgia he had for his motherland. He wished that they were motherland’s wheat, its mother, and that their mother would have mercy on them. Similar to the Jews, the Palestinians had a destiny of residing in diaspora. This is because they had the habit of migrating from one exile to the other. Therefore, Darwish finds himself marveling about where their consequent refugee camp would be. On the same note, he made the revelations that the bleeding wounds bore by the refugees from Palestine would develop and become masses of olive trees. In several series of poems, Darwish created a vivid picture of the wretched conditions that his people in Beirut’s exile were residing in. In addition, he scrutinized the Palestinian refugees’ massacres since they were entrapped in the Lebanese civil war. Darwish’s poetry is a narration of the entire story concerning the Palestinian misfortunes while in the Lebanese Diaspora. The Lebanese allies and Israeli army heartlessly attacked the Palestinians’ refugee camps, which were based in Lebanon. After the Palestinian Liberation Organization’s multitudes were expatriated from Lebanon in 1982, the Israeli attacked the country. During this period, defenseless refugee camps were invaded and many children and women who were disarmed were killed. This was accomplished by the Israeli in coordination with the Lebanese Christian militias. In addition to this, these militias were accountable for the Palestinian refugees’ mass killings. This happened during the Tel-Al- Z a’tar massacre while the Lebanese Civil War was ongoing.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the Palestinian refugee camps were under siege for a p eriod of more than 6 months. The Shi’ite Muslim militias and Syrian army had besieged the refugee camps. A majority of the exiled refugees starved to death. Darwish used a wide array of images in his poems. For instance, he utilized the sea image in â€Å"Brief Reflections on an Ancient and Beautiful City on the Coast of the Mediterranean Sea† to symbolize the Palestinian exile. Having been banished from their country, the refugees from Palestine had resided in the Lebanese exile from 1948. In 1982, when Lebanon was invaded by the Israeli, the Palestinian refugees were enforced to abandon their Lebanon camps and migrate to a new exile. Darwish gave a narration of how the sea evacuated the Palestinian refugees. In this case, the sea symbolized the Palestinian exile. Darwish also gave a highlight of the period that the Palestinian suffering lasted. The Palestinians’ exile took place in 1967 and 1948. This was after all the Palestinian terrains had been occupied. D uring the 3rd exodus in 1982, the Palestinian evacuees who were residing in Lebanon underwent through grave suffering. This was depicted in the statement that the sea could not hold an additional immigration since it had no more room. The survivors of the camps’ genocide were referred to by Darwish as the Massacre generation. These were doomed since they had to migrate from exile to exile. However, death was their only fate. Hence, Darwish showed the sympathy he had for the Palestinian refugees and offered apologies for the atrocities imposed upon the victim and land. In the ‘Victim Number48’, there is a description of the experiences of a Palestinian expatriate in Lebanon. Such experience is used to symbolize all the Palestinian refugees who were living in the Arabian land. It is worth noting that the expatriates were exposed to alienation, exile sufferings, and vulnerability to genocide and war. The Palestinian refugees were termed to as the victims who were de nied national passports. Ironically, the host country only gave them a travel document. There is a symbol of a poor woman in one of the poems. The poor woman symbolizes all Palestinian mothers who have no option but witness the suffering and death subjected to their children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mahmoud Darwish: Narratives of Exile and Diaspora in the Poetry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sufferings are particularly carried out by the Israeli soldiers as well as in the Arabian nations where the Palestinian refugees were regarded as aliens. In essence, Darwish made a lot of efforts in exploring the experiences in exile and diaspora. This essay on Mahmoud Darwish: Narratives of Exile and Diaspora in the Poetry was written and submitted by user Sonia Whitney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Start-to-Finish Ecology Research Paper Writing Guide

Start-to-Finish Ecology Research Paper Writing Guide An ecology research paper is academic writing based on an original scientific investigation on a particular ecological topic, analysis of gathered information, and interpretation of the research findings. Ecology research papers may focus on different aspects, such as biogeochemistry and ecosystem science, evolutionary patterns and processes, community ecology, organismal biology, population biology, and chemical ecology, and commonly researched areas, such as sustainability, conservation, and environment. Questions you should ask yourself before beginning the research paper investigation and writing process include: How do I begin the ecology research paper and what ecology topic do I choose? Where do I find information and what gaps exist in various ecology topics of interest? How do I formulate the research paper’s title and thesis statements? What form of scientific investigation do I need to use in my research paper and why? This ecology research paper writing guide provides a step-by-step analysis of tips that help you respond to the above questions. Regardless of the requirements that should be followed when writing an ecology research paper, the first important element entails deciding what to research and write about. Therefore, identifying an ecology research paper topic is an important first step in the writing process. Picking a Suitable Topic for Your Ecology Research Paper Writing Topics that disinterest you and those that may not be too challenging contribute to loss of enthusiasm and diminish the efforts you may put towards researching and putting the research paper together. Therefore, choose topics that interest and challenge you to improve your attitude towards the topic and the research process. The following steps are essential when selecting research topics in ecology. Brainstorm for ideas. Generate topic ideas by exploring the strong opinions you have on current environmental issues such as sustainability, conservation, and environment. Try to remember recent topics or information acquired recently that piqued your interest in topics such as community ecology, ecosystem science, or population biology, among other ecology research areas. Other ways of brainstorming for ideas entail exploring issues that you are interested in knowing about, gaps in the literature that you can fill, and class aspects that need in-depth research and analysis. Research general background information. Scan through ecology journals, articles, and books for an overview of the research topic. Reading general information on various topics allows you to see how ideas relate and the scope of topics. Key research words can be sourced from the read articles and books. Focus on the topic. Once you have selected a probable topic, ensure it is manageable and that it is not too broad or too narrow. If it is too broad like â€Å"the environment,† limit the topic by defining a geographical area, population, time frame, culture, or a specific discipline in ecology. For instance, you can limit the topic â€Å"environment† by geography by focusing on the environmental impacts of industrial production in Quanzhou, China. Define the topic as a research question. Formulate questions about the topic to develop clear ideas on how to amend the topic by limiting or broadening the scope. For instance, if the topic idea is sustainability, the research question could be, â€Å"How has sustainability practices enhanced ecological agriculture?† A focused research question would be, â€Å"How has sustainability practices enhanced ecological agriculture in Japan?† Thus, a suitable research topic would be â€Å"The role of sustainable practices in enhancing ecological agriculture: a case analysis of Japan’s agricultural system.† Viable ecology research paper topics are as follows: Assessing the Impacts of Human Activities on Communities and the Ecosystem Function Across Spatial Scales; Predicted and Actual Effects and Ramifications of Land-Use and Climate Change on Biodiversity in Agricultural Settings; A Systematic Review of the Role of Species’ Physiological Limits in Improving the Precision of Ecological Niche Models; Analysis of The Neuroethology of Learning and Memory in Honeybees and Bumble Bees; Assess the Factors that Affect Bee Health. Developing an Appropriate Thesis Statement for Your Ecology Research Paper Your research paper should have a strong thesis statement that articulates the unifying theme of your paper. Depending on your chosen topic, the thesis statement could present an argument, provoke different thoughts, or describe ideas. The thesis should define what the research is about and guide the intended audience through your ideas to help make sense of your paper. The statement will minimize possibilities of you engaging in disconnected thoughts likely to lose the readers’ interest. When creating a thesis statement: Write in point form the topic and main ideas that should be discussed. Free write the essential thoughts you have about your paper. Make connections between the major points of your paper and highlight causes, applications, and implications of your arguments. In this case, ask yourself why you are writing the research paper. Combine the above ideas into a sentence or two to come up with a thesis statement. The thesis statement should present a point of view that readers and other writers can agree or disagree with. Moreover, it should provide reasons for choosing specific viewpoints. Additional Tips for Creating a Good Thesis Statement. Begin the process with a question. As noted above, the answers you come up with from the question can become your thesis statement. For instance: Question: What are the benefits of climate controlled storage? Answer: A major benefit of climate controlled storage is that it maintains a consistent temperature and protects artifacts from extreme temperatures. Thus, the thesis statement can be, ‘Climate controlled storage units are important because they maintain a consistent temperature and protect artifacts from extreme temperatures.’ In addition, correlate your thesis statement to the type of research paper you are writing; that is, is your research argumentative, persuasive, or informative? The Structure of an Ecology Research Paper A scholarly research paper has six main sections, but the number of segments may vary depending on the topic, the purpose of the research paper, and its length. The sections include the title, the abstract, the introduction, the body, the conclusion, and the reference section. In most cases, the body section contains other sub-divisions such as methods, results, and discussion. Title of the Research Paper Different writing conventions have diverse requirements concerning how the title page of your research paper should appear. The common elements that cut across all conventions are the name of the author, the title of the research paper, and the assignment or the publication date. Abstract The abstract is a brief section of your research paper that describes your study, states its significant and major findings, and summarizes the major points. Although the section comes before the actual paper, it is appropriate to write it last. Introduction The introduction should occupy about 10% of your entire research paper. However, the length may vary depending on the topic and the availability of segments such as problem statement, the significance of the research, and objectives. Whether the noted segments are stand-alone elements of the introduction or not, you should include information about: The objective of the research; Background information on the study topic; The significance of the research topic and the paper to the intended audience; Thesis statement, purpose statement, and an outline of the paper. The introduction of a scientific research paper should also include a brief review of the relevant literature and state the hypotheses to be tested. Body This part of the research paper focuses on the study completely. The body should: Present relevant and current research that pertains to your ecology research topic. Provide evidence that supports your arguments objectively. Avoid drawing any conclusions regarding the research. The body section can be written in prose with each paragraph presenting new ideas or theme and supporting evidence. In such a case, the outline for the body is as follows: Paragraph 1: Main idea 1 Supporting evidence 1 Supporting evidence 2 Paragraph 2: Main idea 2 Supporting evidence 1 Supporting evidence 2 The noted outline can be used for all the major themes and ideas. Other elements that should be incorporated in the body paragraphs include: A topic sentence: the topic sentence in each paragraph should organize and encapsulate the entire ideas and content of the paragraph. The sentence should appear at the beginning of the paragraph. The questions you should ask yourself when writing the topic sentence include: What will the paragraph discuss? Why did I choose to include the information I have? Why is this paragraph essential to the context of my thesis statement and arguments? What point am I trying to make? If your topic sentence requires further elaboration, add one or two sentences that explain it. An introduction to your evidence. Research papers require students to incorporate evidence to support claims highlighted in the paragraphs and the research paper as a whole. The evidence may be in the form of quotes, figures, examples, and statistics. The evidence must be well integrated into the topic sentence, as well as your claim and opinions. In this case, you should ensure that the reader can transition from your opinions to evidence that supports your viewpoints. A concluding sentence. The concluding sentence acts as an element that reasserts how your paragraph contributes to the development of your claim and the research paper. It should also help in transitioning from the paragraph to the next. As noted earlier, some research papers are more elaborate and are based on the scientific method of inquiry. If your research paper is based on a purely scientific method of inquiry, your body section needs more than just paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting evidence. These types of research papers have other subsections, such as research methodology, results/findings, analysis, and discussion of findings. Research Methodology The research methodology section should elaborate the research design used to gather data for analysis. You should describe the methods and materials employed in detail to allow the reader to understand the basis of the stand and replicate the entire study where necessary. If the ecology research is based on human participants, describe your sampling process and data collection methods and procedures. Results/Findings This section of the research should highlight the main features of the gathered data. You should not provide a complete description of the details besides presenting data in tables and figures. However, some data cannot be presented in graphical forms, which implies that you can present the results in parenthesis. Discussion Interpret and evaluate the results presented in the earlier section critically. You need to compare your findings to your expectations and evaluate whether they agree with formulated hypotheses where applicable. Moreover, compare your findings with the results from similar studies in your chosen ecology topic. Respond to the research questions and draw conclusions. Conclusion The conclusion of your research paper should address your thesis statement by synthesizing the research presented in the paper. Summarize the main points of your research paper and findings of the study, as well as their implications and significance. A good conclusion should: Restate and not simply repeat your thesis statement; Offer summarized and synthesized findings of your research; State implications and recommendations for further study based on your study findings; Make sure not to introduce new content into the conclusion. Reference Section. The reference section highlights the literature cited. The references should be well articulated and in line with the appropriate formats as dictated by various writing conventions. Post Writing Tips from Our Writers to Polish Up Your Ecology Research Paper Proofreading your research paper is the major post writing activity you should engage in. You should review: Paragraph level issues, such as the sequencing of ideas, the presentation of topic sentences, the generalizations, the summaries, the use of transitions, and the presentation of evidence for your claims; Sentence level issues, such as the word choice, the sentence structure, the spelling, and the punctuation; Consistent use of a single system of documentation, appropriate citation of borrowed primary and secondary sources, and the accuracy of the works cited list. The proofreading should be done hours or days later to promote objectivity.

Comparison between First and Last Covenants of the Old Testament Term Paper

Comparison between First and Last Covenants of the Old Testament - Term Paper Example The Old Testament views God’s commands decreed upon Adam, the father of humanity, during his stay in the Garden of Eden, as the first covenant issued by the Lord to the humankind. The covenant assured bestowing of God’s countless bounties and blessings upon man, against which it imposed only one single restriction on him i.e. not to taste the fruit of the forbidden tree (of knowledge). (Genesis, 2: 16-17) Additionally, God blessed Adam with the mandate of remaining fruitful and multiply subsequently, as the Old Testament reveals that God said to Adam to â€Å"be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth† (Gen. 1:28). Similarly, the Lord made His covenant with King David, which is stated to be the last covenant described in the Old Testament; according to which God would not only send Messiah from the line of David, but also the rulers and kings would also belong to the same line. Additionally, messiah would also rule over the entire world, and all the races would be as his subjugated ones. Hence, God would bless Davidic seed with the spiritual and materialistic domination for the future generations to come. â€Å"The Davidic king would be the one to defeat all the Satanic enemies of God and establish the kingdom of blessing all over the world (Ps. 2, 89:21-29; 110). He would be the seed of the woman who would defeat the seed of the serpent and save the world. Not only a king, he is also a priest after the order of Melchizedek (Ps. 110). It is even hinted that He would offer Himself as the sacrifice for sin (Isaiah. 52:13-53:12).† (Quoted in Smith, 2009: 8) This prophecy pointed to the futu re work of the Lord Jesus Christ. By closely examining both the covenants, it becomes crystal clear that Adam’s covenant maintains several similarities in with the Davidic one. God had blessed Adam and his children with the supremacy over every creature. On the other hand, King David was also favored with the same bounty, as he and his son king Solomon were not only granted the crown, wealth, power and prestige, but also they had domination over the djinns, ogres, humans and beast alike. King David intended to build a house for God, though the Lord refused the offer. Instead He blessed David with glorious house, power and throne, and a wise and powerful son in the person of King Solomon. â€Å"God promised to give him a son who would ultimately reign on the throne of David for ever and build a house of worship for all nations of the world.† (Quoted in the kingdom divided) Hence, God blessed a comfortable dwelling to David, according to the Covenant, as He had blessed A dam an outstanding abode in heavens. God had allowed Adam to reside in heavens and get involved into every type of activity of his own choice from dawn to dusk and dusk to dawn. Consequently, Adam and Eve led a very exuberant life in heaven. Somehow, since man has been created frail and weak, the first parents of humanity could not constrain themselves from the covenant they had made with their Creator, and thus broke their allegiance with the Lord by eating

Product and Brand Life Cycle Management Assignment

Product and Brand Life Cycle Management - Assignment Example Writing on marketing trends and PLC, Kvesic (2008) observed that the ability of a product to withstand the market over very long time is directly influenced by the extent by which the product responds to present needs of the market. The Apple iPhone 6 and most of its processor brands can thus be noted to be such products that were introduced to meet current demand of phone users. For example, most phone users are now enthused with large screen, flatter and high function operating system, all of which this phone provides (Thomas and Bradshaw, 2014). Whiles the Apple iPhone 6 is in its growth stage, the Moto X, which is a product in the same industry as the former can be said to be in its decline stages or even beyond. Even though the Moto X could be said to have dominated the market well when it was first introduced back in 2013, the same cannot be said of the product today. It is for this reason that the product is said to be at the decline stage of the PLC. This is because at the decline stage of the PLC, Kvesic (2008) noted that the demand for a brand or product begins to drop drastically. Such drop in demand automatically affects sales and the capital injection into the marketing of the product. Interestingly for the Moto X, the maturity of the brand on its lifecycle was not directly related to what was happening with Smartphone as a product. This is because even the declining performance of the brand, other brands of Smartphone that were introduced at the time experienced peaked sales. A typical example of this was the iPh one 5c (Dilger, 2013). From the observation made above where it has been stated that iPhone 5c flourished whiles Moto X declined, it can be noted that marketing mix variables have a lot of roles to play in the marketing of brands and products according to their lifecycle (Perreault Jr., Cannon & McCarthy, 2014). For

Metaphysics and Theories of Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metaphysics and Theories of Reality - Essay Example Through these representations, philosophers able to find logic on each other's work. The find meaning and answers to each ideas; answers find its way resulting to another answer. Therefore, based on disagreements and debates from one century to another there's always a never ending process to the meaning of each statements whether it is factual or not. "The Father of all things is war"; I firmly believe that Order and Chaos co-exist with one another and without this, war will be the result. Order and Chaos should be balanced and complement each other. Order is there to make sure that everything is organize, logically formed in a presentable manner and guidelines to follow. If any of these things were not followed accordingly, chaos will be the end result. These two are like a big circle that continuously moving into one direction and is never ending that is why it is a must that each one should follow what is directed. "You can't step into the same river twice"; In my opinion this is a perfect example of what has St. Augustine has mentioned that time is both a combination of linear and progress. Progress in such a way that life is a moving process, each day that we live, we are going and moving forward to one direction. Every path that we crossed is something that we need to think about and needs some changes over time. Linear in a way like parallel to the progress that each one is undertaking daily. Everything that we do cannot whether good or bad decisions affect the linear and progress directions of our lives. It is also one way of saying that change is inevitable. "The only thing that stays the same is nothing stays the same"; Yes, it's actually true that the only permanent thing in this world is change as quoted by one of our great philosophers. It is also true that Eternity and Time has something to do with stability and change. We know that Eternity is God, our creator and the most high. Yet, he's the one who has a full control of our destiny, our path and the one who creates stability. Time is something that can be changed but hard to get back since we can't bring back what was happened in the past though we know that we can change the future or even foresee it and learn from it. The three ideas selected are of great relevance and of importance to our everyday lives. These three are basic human foundation in order for us to be able to survive, reach our goals, target specific aims and use as a guidelines in order to have a clear path and a smooth road towards gaining experience, learning from it and achieving the things that we are aiming for. Likewise, these are ruling principles wherein we could adapt in order to measure how effective are we doing in terms of relationships, goals, and decisions. Through these principles we can then say that in one way or another we can apply it to our activities of daily living. We know for a fact that whatever the religion is, we all believe that we have one supreme being who is above all creations and that through HIM that's the main reason why we are here in this planet. Every day we make our decisions and every day through mistakes we all learn from it this is where we apply that change is the only permanen

About Health Education Taught In Schools

About Health Education Taught In Schools Should health education be taught in schools? In this day and age, health problems play a pivotal role in Ss„Â ¢ ability to come to school, stay in school and make the best performance during their studies whether in primary schools, secondary schools or in universities. Developing the health of student can also be done well by the schools which lack healthcare resources. According to a survey of a 12.5 per cent of sample of schools in England and Wales (Williams, 1985), some 87 per cent of primary schools were teaching about health and a further 4 per cent planned to do so in the near future. The comparable figures for secondary schools were 85 per cent and 9 per cent respectively. Most people agree with that school should do more on health education, but others believe that there are also many drawbacks on health education in schools. What is health education? (http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/healthpromotingschools/)health promotion in schools is not just about encouraging children and young people to eat well and to exercise; it encompasses a much broader holistic approach. This approach is called the whole school approach, which includes promoting the physical, social, spiritual, mental and emotional wellbeing of all pupils and staff. This essay will identify and discuss the positive and negative sides of it. Recently, health education is gaining popularity in all kinds of schools among all kinds of students .It has many shining points. Developing the health, hygiene and nutrition of children is an important thing to school because it„Â ¢s difficult to children to learn when they are hungry or sick. But safe physical surroundings and advantageous psychosocial surroundings should be guarantee of a good school policy, and it also should avoid molestation, insulting language and discrimination; using drug, alcohol and tobacco isn„Â ¢t allowable of a good school policy and the same to violence and bullying. Students can improve their health-related knowledge, attitudes, skills, and stimulate the interest of children to concentrate their energy and improve their health, take precautions against disease and avoid health-related risk behaviors in a variety of health areas by health education. Firstly, health education is benefit to children„Â ¢s physiology via two aspects: h ealth eating and physical activities. Via health education, children can learn more knowledge of healthy food choices which can contribute the children„Â ¢s confidence, skills, knowledge and understanding. By learning the knowledge of choosing healthy food, it will increase children„Â ¢s consumption of complex carbohydrates, and decrease their consumption of saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar, then increase their level of habitual physical activity; after it, children will generalize these changes to other family members.

Caridina japonica :: essays papers

Caridina japonica Caridina japonica, die "Amanogarnele" Yamato-numa-ebi Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnelen der Gattungen Atyopsis, Macrobrachium und Caridina erobern schon seit langer Zeit die Becken und Herzen derjenigen Aquarianer im Sturm, die so unvorsichtig waren, sich ernsthaft mit diesen faszinierenden Wirbellosen einzulassen. Dennoch mußten sie hinsichtlich einer breiteren Popularità ¤t meist hinter der beflossten Konkurrenz ein unverdientes Nischendasein fristen, obwohl sie doch mit Eigenschaften aufwarten kà ¶nnen, die besonders einige Vertreter zu fast idealen Aquariumbewohnern machen. Zuzutrauen wà ¤re ihnen selbstverstà ¤ndlich auch, daß sie ihren großen Auftritt auf einen Zeitpunkt verlegen wollten, der ihnen hierfà ¼r endlich einen angemessenen Rahmen bieten konnte. Opfer dieser ausgeklà ¼gelten Strategie wurde schließlich der japanische Fotograf und Pflanzenliebhaber Takashi Amano, der mit seinen phantastischen Fotobà ¤nden und der Prà ¤sentation seines Konzeptes eines "Naturaquariums" nicht nur der Aquaristik weltweit neue, interessante Impulse vermittelte, sondern auch einer kleinen Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnele ihr "coming out". Es ist angerichtet... verschiedene Algen unter dem Mikroskop Warum genießt nun unter zahllosen Arten der Gattung Caridina ausgerechnet C. japonica inzwischen geradezu einen "Kultstatus" ? In Pflanzenbecken mit sehr mà ¤ÃƒÅ¸igem Fischbesatz, starker Beleuchtung und entsprechend hierauf abgestimmter CO2-Zufuhr finden nicht nur Wasserpflanzen gà ¼nstige Bedingungen vor, sondern auch verschiedene Algenarten, insbesondere Fadenalgen. Gerade bei solch einem "schnellen" Becken laufen gelegentlich einmal einige Faktoren schneller aus dem Ruder, als man mit Korrekturen nachkommen kann und die Algen nutzen die Gunst der Stunde, sich nicht dankbar auf das ihnen wohlwollend eingerà ¤umte Maß zu beschrà ¤nken. Auf der Suche nach einer natà ¼rlichen Algenprophylaxe hat Takashi Amano parallel zum Einsatz von Otocinclus-Arten (fà ¼r die Scheiben *g*) mit verschiedenen einheimischen Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnelen experimentiert. C. japonica aus der Region Yamato soll sich dabei als die weitaus effizienteste Art erwiesen haben. Yamato-numa-ebi - charakteristischer Rà ¼ckenstreifen Nachdem ich selbst seit einiger Zeit Erfahrungen mit verschiedenen Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnelen sammeln konnte, vor allem mit Neocaridina denticulata und meinem persà ¶nlichen kleinem Favoriten, der Zebra- oder Rotschwanzgarnele C. serrata, stand ich den sagenumwobenen Qualità ¤ten von C. japonica als Rasenmà ¤her fà ¼r Fadenalgen mehr als skeptisch gegenà ¼ber. Kennengelernt hatte ich meine Garnelen bisher als ausgesprochene Allesfresser, bevorzugt wurde immer genau das Futterangebot, welches bei geringstem Aufwand die meiste Energie lieferte. Die Palette reicht von Tubifex à ¼ber Trockenfuttertabletten bis hin zu abgestorbenen Pflanzenteilen. Algen waren auch dabei... Irgendwann war ich vollstà ¤ndig vom "Garnelen-Bazillus" durchdrungen, und meine C. serrata stießen mit ihrer energischen Forderung nach einem eigenen Becken nur auf schwache Gegenwehr, da ich ohnehin die Einrichtung eines Pflanzenbeckens ohne jeglichen Fischbesatz plante. Schon nach kurzer Zeit bekundeten die kleinen Racker ihr Wohlgefallen am neuen Lebensraum durch monatliche Verdoppelung des Bestandes, kamen aber der ihnen zugedachten Aufgabe als Algenkontrolleure nur mehr als nachlà ¤ssig nach.

Overcoming Multimedia Addiction Essay

Some of the students nowadays are struggling to stay awake while the rest of the world is asleep just to read their friends’ posts and comments and status on Facebook. They even spend most of their time staring at the big screens of their personal computers just to play online games like DOTA and Counterstrike. Some also spend their money just to buy the latest mobile phones, mp3 players, and other techno gadgets out there. However, they must keep in mind that everything has its own limits. Otherwise, it can become a cause of concern and in extreme cases, addiction. Multimedia addiction can cause destruction and violence to students. Multimedia is simply defined as multi tasking of applications in a single device or gadget. This includes graphics, animation, pictures, videos, and other applications which can be opened simultaneously or consecutively. Smart phone, laptop, iPod, television, and mp4 player are some of many multimedia gadgets that are ‘in’ especially to students because of its amazing features. Consider the television. Whether it is a box, slim, or flat screen, it has become almost like another member of the household. It sits in the living room, in the kitchen, or even in the terrace of your house. It bombards us with all kinds of information about almost anything under the sun. It informs us on what laundry soap to use; what toothpaste to brush our teeth with, or which candidate to vote in the 2013 election. It brings us local news and news from around the world. And of course, it entertains us with sports, music, movies, telenovelas, lifestyle segments and variety programs. Cellular phones, on the other hand, are used for communication purposes. But because of technological advancements, new applications like built- in cameras are added to them. That’s why many people patronize it so much. Laptops are made for easy handling. Unlike personal computers, you can now bring it anywhere because of its small size. Almost every student today has his or her own laptops. The dependence on multimedia gadgets extend to students who became the primary beneficiaries of these gadgets. Tech- net survey said that 42 % of students are using mobile phones, 36 % are using laptop, 15 % are using play station, and 7 % are using mp3 players (â€Å"2012 Most Addicting Gadgets†, www. Technet.com). The use of multimedia gadgets can be constructive and destructive to students (Despabiladeras 15). Many of them consider the use of these gadgets constructive when they help them in their studies. Today, the internet is the major source of knowledge and information. In just one click, they can now find the answers to their assignments. They also use software like Microsoft office and the like for their project presentation. Many schools now use computer oriented techniques for teaching. The traditional way of teaching like writing too many lessons in a manila paper is already replaced by powerpoint presentations which are indeed favorable for the students. They no longer copy too many notes because there are handouts already prepared for them. Multimedia also gives information about the latest happenings and discoveries around the world. The use of social media sites like Facebook allows them to socialize with other people. Some also say that playing online games like DOTA and Counte rstrike have positive effects on them because they relieve stress from the hectic schedule of their schooling. In contrary, students say that multimedia gadgets can be destructive too. Problems begin when students became addicted to these gadgets to the point of discarding other activities which can truly affect their balance and studies (www. Gadgetforums.com). Because of these gadgets, they now prefer playing games that reading books. In most schools, use of cellular phones is banned but many of the students still carry them. They push their parents to buy them the latest mobile phone or other gizmos because their peers use it. The effect of this addiction is that they can no longer resist themselves from taking calls and accessing Facebook and other social networking sites during school hours. â€Å"The use of gadgets can be destructive when it makes your personality bad like when you become wild because of video games†, Bryan Capus said ( Despabiladeras 15). They forgot to budget their time because most of their time are consumed by these gadgets. The overuse of these also affects their health. Too much exposure to these gadgets can cause diseases like brain tumor and cancer caused by radiation (â€Å" Radiation From Gadgets†, www. Healthcare.com). They are prone to sickness because they no longer engaged in outdoor activities. It is alarming to know that 47 % of students nowadays are addicted to computers and other multimedia gadgets ( Despabiladeras 16.). Their parents have a big role in overcoming their children’s addiction. For example, most of the students are advised or told by their parents to limit their internet surfing time until 8:30 p.m. or 9:00 p.m. or but not to reach 10:00 p.m. as they have classes the next day ( Clifford 72). Some also advice their children to engage in other recreational activities like playing basketball or playing the guitar instead of watching T.V. or sitting all day in front of their PCs. One parent posted the following on gadgetforums.com: In today’s high- tech and modern world, we are all connected with each other through the miracle of working inventions and innovations like PC, tablets, smart phones, gaming, internet and so much more. And I think we feel that we won’t have a normal day without getting hooked to any one of these devices. The problem begins to rise when our children became addicted to these gadgets to the point of discarding other activities which can truly affect their balance and health. To avoid this, I try to ensure my son has balance in this area. Playing team sports has helped, that’s one thing in his like that doesn’t require gadget. Sports is one of the best ways to add moving activities to a child’s routine with the aim of creating a certain balance between studying and playing. We could not really avoid our children to get into gadgets as this is the wave of the future with the introduction of tablets which can he fully integrate with schools in the near fu ture ( www.gadgetforums.com). According to gadgetforums.com, there are eight ways to overcome gadget addiction. First, limit the amount of time you spent on any type of gadget. Second, learn to balance and manage your time. Make a time table on when to use your gadget. Third, spend most of your time in your studies. This will give you higher grades in return. Fourth, read books rather than playing games. Surfing the internet for recent news and discoveries will help too. Fifth, spend your free time with your family and friends. Go to an outing of family reunion that doesn’t require gadgets. Sixth, socialize with your true friends, not your ‘virtual’ friends. Your Facebook friends will never help you if you have a problem. Seventh, avoid buying newly released gadgets if you still have one that is still working. And the last is self discipline. It is interesting to know the opinions of students on multimedia gadget addiction; whether it is constructive or destructive for them and what their parents do in influencing their media habits. To prevent this addiction, students should analyze their gadget preferences and see what’s good of bad in it for them. They must set in mind that multimedia gadgets is there to help them, not to enslave them.

New World of Business

The article â€Å"Knowledge Management for the New World of Business† by Yogesh Malhotra discusses the importance of changes, information technologies and innovations as the main drives of business success. The author shows that attitudes towards knowledge management have been changed and nowadays knowledge management offers new ideas and concepts how to make business successful, innovative and, what is more important, socially responsible.The paper is retrieved from online database through search engines. Despite the paper is online source, the author offers well-supported, well-structured and well-organized study of world business in terms of knowledge management. Further, the paper is directly related with knowledge management filed as the author discusses the importance of knowledge, innovations, information technologies and changes which are known to be key components of knowledge management field. (Malhotra 1998)Malhotra says that today is the era of information technolo gies being associated with knowledge. The author argues that knowledge is critical source in business activity as it drives company either to success or complete failure.   New technologies as, for example, intranets, data-mining, web-casting and video-conferencing, offer new ways of meeting business challenges in knowledge era. Moreover, information technologies are encouraged by press trade. As a result, information technologies positively contribute business performance. For example, intranets and networks are effective in increasing inherent capabilities to facilitate knowledge management. (Malhotra 1998)Business is experiencing transition from the era of competitive advantage to the era of knowledge creation. Earlier business was characterized by low levels of changes and innovations. However, â€Å"the new world of knowledge-based industries is distinguished by its emphasis on precognition and adaptation in contrast to the traditional emphasis on optimization based on predi ction†. (Malhotra 1998) The author argues that knowledge-based business world is characterized by re-definition and re-evaluation of organizational objectives, goals, and missions. Simply saying, the business re-shapes the way of arranging things.Business environment is motivated by radical changes and innovations which â€Å"overwhelm the traditional organizational response of predicting and reacting based on pre-programmed heuristics†. (Malhotra 1998) Modern business world requires anticipatory response, and demands flexibility and resurfacing of old assumptions. Modern world tends not play following predictable rules – instead, it tends to change these rules and to keep changing. As result, new types of organizations have emerged: business ecosystems and virtual corporations. (Malhotra 1998)The author offers his own definition of knowledge management for a new business world and stresses that new definition should go beyond quick and predictable views of many others. Instead, definition should move executives, managers and common employees to think strategically and critically about the purpose of knowledge management. Malhotra says that knowledge managements is critical to organizational adaptation and survival as it drives and monitors environmental changes.Knowledge management â€Å"embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies, and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings†. (Malhotra 1998) Nevertheless, one problem exists as there is confusion between the terms ‘knowledge’ and ‘information’. The author claims that these notions are distinct entities as information is generated by computer systems and human interpretation of actions, whereas knowledge is of subjective nature.Malhotra recommends business managers to realize that knowledge is imbedded in them and the process of knowledge acquiring is social interactions. It is emphasized that knowledge creation depends solely on human beings as computers are only tools with information-gathering capabilities. New world of business is defined as wicked environment which requires interpretations of information and knowledge. (Malhotra 1998)One more positive moment in the article is that the author offers recommendations how to incorporate knowledge management in business activities. Firstly, it is necessary to refuse to control employees and their behaviors through setting predictable and pre-defined objectives and procedures. Instead, it would be better to create organization being capable of constructing diverse meanings. Secondly, the author recommends re-evaluating companies ideas how to arrange things and practices. Executive managers should consider dynamically changing business environment, as well as external and internal threats.   Thirdly, it is effective to invest in â€Å"multiple and diverse interpretations to ena ble constructive conflict mode of inquiry and, thus, lessen oversimplification of issues or premature decision closure†. (Malhotra 1998)Summing up, new business world offers new opportunities of success and knowledge plays crucial role in this process. New strategies are to encourage human imagination and creativity to promote internal diversity and to meet the needs and demands of the wicked environment.   Knowledge management makes companies and organizations re-think and re-evaluate their goals and practices, as well as use the power of knowledge in finding new ways of improving business performance. (Malhotra 1998)Works CitedMalhotra, Yogesh. 1998. Knowledge Management for the New World of Business. Available at http://www.brint.com/km/whatis.htm.   Accessed March 15, 2008. New World of Business The article â€Å"Knowledge Management for the New World of Business† by Yogesh Malhotra discusses the importance of changes, information technologies and innovations as the main drives of business success. The author shows that attitudes towards knowledge management have been changed and nowadays knowledge management offers new ideas and concepts how to make business successful, innovative and, what is more important, socially responsible. The paper is retrieved from online database through search engines. Despite the paper is online source, the author offers well-supported, well-structured and well-organized study of world business in terms of knowledge management. Further, the paper is directly related with knowledge management filed as the author discusses the importance of knowledge, innovations, information technologies and changes which are known to be key components of knowledge management field. (Malhotra 1998)Malhotra says that today is the era of information technol ogies being associated with knowledge. The author argues that knowledge is critical source in business activity as it drives company either to success or complete failure.   New technologies as, for example, intranets, data-mining, web-casting and video-conferencing, offer new ways of meeting business challenges in knowledge era. Moreover, information technologies are encouraged by press trade. As a result, information technologies positively contribute business performance. For example, intranets and networks are effective in increasing inherent capabilities to facilitate knowledge management. (Malhotra 1998)Business is experiencing transition from the era of competitive advantage to the era of knowledge creation. Earlier business was characterized by low levels of changes and innovations. However, â€Å"the new world of knowledge-based industries is distinguished by its emphasis on precognition and adaptation in contrast to the traditional emphasis on optimization based on pred iction†. (Malhotra 1998) The author argues that knowledge-based business world is characterized by re-definition and re-evaluation of organizational objectives, goals, and missions. Simply saying, the business re-shapes the way of arranging things.Business environment is motivated by radical changes and innovations which â€Å"overwhelm the traditional organizational response of predicting and reacting based on pre-programmed heuristics†. (Malhotra 1998) Modern business world requires anticipatory response, and demands flexibility and resurfacing of old assumptions. Modern world tends not play following predictable rules – instead, it tends to change these rules and to keep changing. As result, new types of organizations have emerged: business ecosystems and virtual corporations. (Malhotra 1998)The author offers his own definition of knowledge management for a new business world and stresses that new definition should go beyond quick and predictable views of many others. Instead, definition should move executives, managers and common employees to think strategically and critically about the purpose of knowledge management. Malhotra says that knowledge managements is critical to organizational adaptation and survival as it drives and monitors environmental changes.Knowledge management â€Å"embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies, and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings†. (Malhotra 1998) Nevertheless, one problem exists as there is confusion between the terms ‘knowledge’ and ‘information’. The author claims that these notions are distinct entities as information is generated by computer systems and human interpretation of actions, whereas knowledge is of subjective nature.Malhotra recommends business managers to realize that knowledge is imbedded in them and the process of knowledge acquiring i s social interactions. It is emphasized that knowledge creation depends solely on human beings as computers are only tools with information-gathering capabilities. New world of business is defined as wicked environment which requires interpretations of information and knowledge. (Malhotra 1998)One more positive moment in the article is that the author offers recommendations how to incorporate knowledge management in business activities. Firstly, it is necessary to refuse to control employees and their behaviors through setting predictable and pre-defined objectives and procedures. Instead, it would be better to create organization being capable of constructing diverse meanings. Secondly, the author recommends re-evaluating companies ideas how to arrange things and practices. Executive managers should consider dynamically changing business environment, as well as external and internal threats.   Thirdly, it is effective to invest in â€Å"multiple and diverse interpretations to en able constructive conflict mode of inquiry and, thus, lessen oversimplification of issues or premature decision closure†. (Malhotra 1998)Summing up, new business world offers new opportunities of success and knowledge plays crucial role in this process. New strategies are to encourage human imagination and creativity to promote internal diversity and to meet the needs and demands of the wicked environment.   Knowledge management makes companies and organizations re-think and re-evaluate their goals and practices, as well as use the power of knowledge in finding new ways of improving business performance. (Malhotra 1998)Works CitedMalhotra, Yogesh. 1998. Knowledge Management for the New World of Business. Available at http://www.brint.com/km/whatis.htm.   Accessed March 15, 2008.

Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Essays

Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Essays Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Paper Compare and Contrast Vertebrate and Invertebrate Vision Paper Although vertebrates and invertebrates originally evolved from a common ancestral root, both have developed very different physical utilities for vision. Both are fairly effective and have taken many millions of years to evolve. They contain many common underlying mechanisms but differ in the features used to provide them. The definition of an eye is an organ of visual perception that includes parts specialized for optical processing of light as well as well as photoreceptive neurons (Alberts). The main feature of an eye therefore, in all organisms that possess one, is the collection of photoreceptors used in converting light energy into action potentials (electrical energy). When comparing vertebrate and invertebrate vision, the two best-studied cases are the compound eye exemplified by arthropods and the simple eye used in vertebrates. The main difference between the compound and simple eye is that the compound eye uses a spatial array of lenses so that each image in a local region of visual space falls onto one or a few photoreceptors. The simple eye, however, uses a single lens to image the world onto an array of photoreceptors. Compound eyes produce mosaic images. The compound eye is made up of many optical units called ommatidiums, each of which is aimed at a different part of the visual field. Each ommatidium samples a different part of the visual field through a separate lens. In a simple eye, each receptor cell samples part of the field through a lens shared by all receptor cells. In compound eyes, each ommatidium samples an angular cone-shaped portion of the environment, taking in about 2-3i of the visual field. In contrast, each receptor of a simple eye may sample as little as 0. 2i of the visual field. In addition, the simple eye, inverts the image that falls on the retina. Since the receptive field of each ommatidium is relatively large, compound eyes have lower visual acuity than simple eyes. The mosaic image formed by a compound eye is also coarser than that of a simple eye. The simple eye in vertebrates focuses incident light in two stages. In the initial stage, incident light rays are refracted as they pass through the clear outer surface of the eye, called the cornea. They are further refracted as they pass through a second structure, the lens, and finally form an inverted image on the rear internal surface of the eye, the retina. Objects at different distance can be focussed in higher vertebrates by changing the curvature and thickness of the lens, which affects its focal length, the distance at which an image passed through the lens comes into focus. Diffraction is a property of all light and because of this, the angular resolution (resolving power) of any eye is limited by the diameter of its lens. The larger the lens diameter, the higher spatial resolution. The biggest problem for compound eyes is that the resolution is limited because the facets of the individual lens are so small. A compound eye of a given size will have a much lower resolving power than a simple eye of the same size. Optical superposition compound eyes are one way of increasing the effective lens diameter. This structure works by using several separate elements to image incident rays onto a single point, such as a single photoreceptor. This method is used in insects such as fireflies. Another way, is to use neural superposition. Simple eyes on the other hand, use a single lens, and have evolved entirely separately in the cephalopods and vertebrates. The octopus is a good example because the optical design of its eyes is remarkably similar to the vertebrate eye. The one major difference, however is that in octopus eyes, as in all fish eyes, the lens is much more powerful because it has to compensate for the loss in refractive power from the cornea, due to being underwater. Simple eyes have a much larger lens diameter which means that the spatial resolution achievable is much higher than is ever possible with a compound eye. Experiments by Kirschfeld have suggested that in order to obtain the same spatial resolution as a human eye, a compound eye would need to be about 1m across. The eye is a complex structure which has caused many arguments between evolutionary biologists and theologists. Theologists believe that the eye is so perfectly designed to harvest light, and that no intermediary design would be effective, that it must have been created by a divine designer. Biologists believe that it was created step-by-step through natural selection, and that any one step is always an improvement on the last, and thus the eye did not have to be this complex to be of benefit. This argument can be backed up by the evidence of optical diseases in which humans are handicapped in their sight, yet to them, the vision they have is better than none at all, as was a primitive form of an eye. Myopia (short-sightedness) and hypermetropia (long-sightedness) occur when the optical image of a point at infinity (i. e. he far point) falls respectively in front of or behind the retina. These errors commonly occur when the eyeball is too long, or too short, and is easily corrected with a concave or convex lens. These diseases are commonly found amongst the elderly who no longer have such deformable lens and so have difficulty varying the curvature of the lens, and thus focussing on objects at different distances effectively. This is an accommodation problem. Accommodation (discovered by Helmholz) is brought about by the ciliary body that acts on the zonular fibres that support the lens. It contains circumferential (circular) muscle fibres that allow it to act as a sphincter. The lens can be dilated by relaxing the circumferential fibres, and is said to be unaccommodated. The radial fibres of the ciliary body also act by pulling outwards on the zonular fibres that support the lens, thereby thinning it. The lens is accommodated when the circumferential fibres contract, and the lens is forced to shrink. The tension in the zonular fibres is reduced, and the lens is allowed to relax into a thicker, more curved shape, with greater refractive power. A related neuronal mechanism produces binocular convergence, in which the left and right eyes are positioned by the ocular muscles so that the images received by the two eyes fall on analogous parts of the two retinas, regardless of the distance between the object and the eyes. When an object is close, each of the two eyes must rotate towards the middle of the nose; when an object is far away, the two eyes rotate outward from the midline. Photoreceptors transduce photons of electromagnetic radiation from the visible light spectrum, into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. The energy of the electromagnetic radiation varies inversely with its wavelength, and we perceive this variation in energy as variation in colour. The outermost layer of the vertebrate retina includes two classes of photoreceptor in vertebrates: rods and cones. There are about 100 million rods in the eye and 5 million cones. A small central area called the fovea, is densely packed with cones, but in the periphery, rods outnumber cones by 20:1. Cones function best in bright light and provide high resolution, whereas rods function best in dim light but provide much less resolution. In humans, cones mediate colour vision, and rods mediate achromatic vision. These different properties are used to expand the visual capabilities of animals living in certain conditions. For example, animals that live in flat, open environments such as rabbits, usually have horizontal regions within the retina that contain a high density of cones. This concentration of cones is called the visual streak. This region corresponds to the horizon in the visual world and is thought to confer maximal resolution in this part of the scene, allowing the animal to interpret shapes on the horizon with great precision. A receptor current exists for all sensory receptors which are usually modulated by the stimulus. In the case of vertebrate photoreceptors, the light stimulus actually reduces the circulating current, by causing the closure of ion channels. Although both invertebrates and vertebrates have eyes containing photoreceptors, they differ in their structure. Vertebrate receptor cells contain a segment with an internal structure similar to that of a cilium. This cilium connects the outer segment, which contains the photoreceptive membranes to the inner segment, which includes the nucleus and mitochondria. The photoreceptors of many invertebrates lack the ciliary structure that connects the inner and outer segments of vertebrate rods and cones and the lamellae and or stacks of disks containing visual pigment. Instead, the visual pigment is located in the microvilli formed by the plasma membrane, and these pigment-containing microvilli are organised into rhabdomeres. Visual pigments consist of 2 major components: a protein (opsin) and a light-absorbing molecule (either retinal or 3-dehydroretinal). Opsins are protein visual pigment molecules consisting of 7 transmembrane ? -helix domains. Opsins are coupled to photopigment molecules that are structurally altered by the absorption of photons, and in turn modify the opsin protein. The retinal molecule assumes two sterically distinct states in the retina. In the absence of light, the opsin and retinal are linked covalently and retinal is in an 11-cis formation. The covalent bond allows this light-absorbing molecule to act as a powerful antagonist. On capturing a photon, the retinal isomerises into the all-trans configuration, initiating a series of changes in the visual pigment, as the molecule is rendered enzymatically active. When light hits the photopigment, an intermediate metharhodopsin II forms that activates the G-protein transducin. Transducin activity closes Na+ channels and the receptor cell hyperpolarizes. Activated rhodopsin is hydrolysed spontaneously to retinal and rhodopsin which is hydrolysed spontaneously to retinal and opsin which are both used repeatedly. Studies made on the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus have revealed a lot about vision. The crab has paired lateral compound eyes as well as five simple eyes: medial and lateral pairs on the dorsal surface and a single unpaired simple eye on the ventral surface. The compound eyes are typical compound eyes whereas the simple eyes are similar in structure to the simplest eye known, which consists of a shallow open pit lined with photoreceptor cells that are backed by screening pigment. Each ommatidium of a compound eye contains several photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptor cells of the Limulus compound eye are located at the base of each ommatidium. Each ommatidium lies beneath a hexagonal section of an outer transparent layer, the corneal lens. Visual transduction takes place in 12 retinular, or photoreceptor, cells. Each retinular cell has a rhabdomere, a part of the cell in which the plasma membrane is thrown into densely packed microvilli, making this the part of the cell that captures light energy. The microvilli greatly increase the surface area of the plasma membrane, which increases the probability that incident light will be captured by the rhodopsin molecules embedded in the membrane. Together, the 12 rhabdomeres of the retinular cells make up a rhabdome, which surrounds the dendrite of an afferent neuron, the eccentric cell. Depolarisations of the plasma membrane can be recorded in the retinular cells when the eye is exposed to very dim light. These quantum bumps increase in frequency as the light intensity increases (i. e. as more photons impinge on the receptors). The bumps are electrical signals generated as a result of the absorption of individual quanta of light. How can capture of a single photon lead to rapid release of so much energy? In this case, through a cascade of chemical reactions inside the cell that includes G-protein activation. Activation of the G-protein cascade occurs by diffusional contact between activated rhodopsin and molecules of G-protein, which are activated sequentially, as explained above; the activated g-protein in turn activates an effector enzyme, the PDE (phosphodiesterase); this is a 1:1 step, i. e. it has no amplification. A second stage of amplification occurs because the activated PDE is an enzyme which catalyses the destruction of cGMP. The net effect is to open ion channels, allowing cations to enter the cell. In Limulus, the receptor current through the light activated channels is carried by Na+, K+ and some Ca2+. This current causes a depolarising receptor potential. When the light goes off, the channels close again, and the membrane repolarises. The sensitivity of individual photoreceptors drops with exposure to light. This light adaptation is thought to be mediated by Ca+ ions, which enter the cells when light causes ion channels to open and which by some mechanism then reduce the current through light-activated channels. Although the Limulus eye is simple compared to that of invertebrates, the visual system is capable of generating electrical activity that parallels some of the more sophisticated features of human visual perception. The crab does however lack the degree of colour perception seen by the human eye, because it lacks the short and long wave colour pigments in its cones. It is interesting to see how two totally different mechanisms of visual perception can be so different yet interrelated in many ways, and that they have involved independently to perform the same function.